On 8th July 2022, the seminar gathered in person for the first time in two and a half years. We read ‘Sirens’ from line 11:1095: ‘Ventriloquise’ to 11:1113: ‘All lost in pity for croppy’.
Leopold Bloom is thinking about communicating with Lydia Douce, at whom he is gazing. ‘Ventriloquise’ thus seems to indicate another form of communication. With ‘My lips closed’ he would perhaps talk to her by throwing his voice. ‘Think in my stom’, implying ‘stomach’, seems to refer to the stomach-based art of ventriloquy (a connection visible in French ventre), though it is also conceivable that this is the beginning of the stirring in Bloom’s stomach that eventually leads to his breaking wind. If it doesn’t refer to that, ‘What?’ asks ‘what, then, would I like to say to the barmaid?’
The answer is: ‘Will? You? I. Want. You. To’ (11:1096), which seems essentially a simple romantic or erotic proposal. It’s hard to see how Bloom conceives of these words, or why they are staccato: are they intended as sounds that he would somehow, as ventriloquist, throw across the room, overcoming his own shyness?
‘With hoarse rude fury the yeoman cursed, swelling in apoplectic bitch’s bastard’ (11:1097-8): this renders lines from ‘The Croppy Boy’ which Ben Dollard is singing. The lyrics of the song as given by Don Gifford mention ‘fiery glare’ and ‘fury hoarse’: the ‘yeoman captain’ is not only deceitful but actually furious at the croppy boy, whom he dubs a traitor. Joyce has added ‘rude’ and the emphatic ‘swelling in apoplectic’, terms not hinted at in the song. Primarily, the fact that the captain ‘breathed a curse’ has been linked to the idea of ‘cursing’ as obscenity, and linked back once more to the outburst from the blind piano tuner at 10:1120. ‘A good thought, boy, to come. One hour’s your time to live, your last’ (11:1098-9) quotes and paraphrases the song: ‘your last’ is the one addition to Ulysses not present in the lyric.
‘Tap. Tap’ (11:1100 is the second and last double-tap, signalling the same piano tuner just invoked.
‘Thrill now’ is Leopold Bloom’s reflection, not for the first time, on the audience’s reaction to the song (‘now’ perhaps indicating that it has reached a dramatic, especially ‘thrilling’ moment). But the ‘they’ in ‘Pity they feel’ seems likely to refer specifically to women. He is looking at Lydia Douce and she is the current instance of an auditor to the song, and from her reaction he, characteristically enough, seems to generalise about women’s emotions. Douce may well be on the verge of shedding a tear: thus ‘To wipe away a tear for martyrs that want to, dying to, die’ (11:1101-2). The main twist in this line is ‘dying to’, which idiomatically indicates a strong wish to do something but is ironised by the fact that what martyrs want to do (are dying to do) is … to die. The interpolated ‘dying to’ seems more like a ‘Sirens’ narrative twist than a feature of interior monologue. The next couple of lines reinforce the sense that Bloom is thinking in particular of women’s emotions: it is women, perhaps, who cry ‘For all things dying, for all things born’. Are these two categories the same: is a birth sad because one knows that what’s born (like a baby) will also one day die? The lines do suggest such a grand ‘cycle of life’ perspective, akin to that at 8:480-1. The notion of things being born in any case takes Bloom’s thought back to Mina Purefoy: ‘Hope she’s over’, that is, he hopes she’s had her baby and is no longer suffering. ‘Because their wombs’ naturally arises from thinking about childbirth but may well mean ‘Women have the heightened emotions just described because of the action of their wombs’.
In the next paragraph the language becomes more elaborate and grammatically unorthodox, and moves beyond Bloom’s own voice. Looking at drafts via the James Joyce Digital Archive repeatedly showed us how much Joyce had modified the phrasing. In the final version, anyway, we have ‘A liquid of womb of woman eyeball gazed under a fence of lashes, calmly, hearing’ (11:1104-5). The concrete meaning here is not too complex: Lydia Douce is listening to (‘hearing’) the song, ‘calmly’ (despite the speculation just now about emotional women). Her eye (‘woman eyeball’) ‘gazed’ (ahead, as it has done previously, for instance at 11:1044), albeit ‘under a fence of lashes’ (which may suggest that it is closing slightly). It appears that she is indeed on the verge of tears: thus ‘liquid’, which the ‘fence of lashes’ might work to protect her from or clean up. ‘Womb’ has followed on from the previous line, in a typical ‘Sirens’ mode in which a word echoes and resounds from one line to another, even when it does not especially belong. ‘Womb’ clearly sounds akin to ‘woman’, and is broadly associated with it (Douce, Bloom may think, is a woman and has a womb), though we noted that the two words are not in fact etymologically related. Though the ‘liquid’ seems to be tears, the idea of liquid also consorts well enough with that of the womb, so two kinds of liquid from the woman’s body are at some level invoked.
‘See real beauty of the eye when she not speaks’ (11:1105) sounds rather like a sexist joke: ‘Meet my wife – she’s a beaut when she’s not talking’, or the like. Bloom hasn’t actually seen Douce speak that much, and she seems to have been silent through the song so far. The main meaning of his thought seems to be that her beauty is at its height when she is observed in silent reflection, caught off guard. ‘When she not speaks’ is evidently an unusual way to say ‘when she’s not speaking’, and Joyce seems to have deliberately heightened this while revising the text.
‘On yonder river’ is from ‘The Croppy Boy’: ‘Upon yon river three tenders float’. The quoted phrase here picks up the ‘liquid’ of Douce’s eye and also arguably feeds forward to ‘wave’ in the next sentence: ‘At each slow satiny heaving bosom’s wave (her heaving embon) red rose rose slowly sank red rose’ (11:1106-7). The meaning again is simple enough: Douce’s bosom, clad in black satin, goes up and down as she breathes, and the rose on it also goes up and down accordingly. It may be implied that her breathing is somehow heightened because of the tension and ‘thrill’ of the song, though it is ‘slow’ in any case, not quickened. ‘her heaving embon’ is an insertion from Sweets of Sin (10:616) and may indicate that Bloom is actually reminded of the fragment he read by the sight of Douce’s bosom. Or it may, perhaps more likely, just be a case of the text mischievously remembering itself. In ‘red rose rose’, the same word goes from being subject to verb. The adverb ‘slowly’ seems, quite likely, to attach to the process of sinking – ‘sank red rose’ – rather than rising.
‘Heartbeats: her breath: breath that is life’ (11:1107) is Bloom’s reflection. Watching her breath go up and down naturally enough prompts ‘her breath’. ‘Heartbeats’ are a slightly different matter, but related as a bodily rhythm which, like breath, suggest ‘life’. ‘Breath that is life’ may thus be very literal (if you breathe, and your heart beats, you’re alive), though the phrase may also be carrying connotations from Christian idiom about the breath of life.
The next line puzzled us for a while: ‘And all the tiny tiny fernfoils trembled of maidenhair’ (11:1108). It may refer to the leaves, and perhaps the stalk, that come with the rose that Douce is wearing. These floral elements would carry ‘tiny tiny fernfoils’ that also, of necessity, rise and fall with her bosom that carries them. If Bloom is thinking this, then his eye would seem to be zooming in impressively (or implausibly) close. It was also suggested that the ‘tiny fernfoils of maidenhair’ could be hairs inside Douce’s ear (the ear being the organ of the episode), trembling as sound passes them. This would seem to make the image an even more extreme close-up. Amid these readings, we lose what might to some readers have seemed the most obvious connotation: something erotic, with ‘maidenhair’ possibly suggesting the pubic hair of a woman whom Bloom (rightly or wrongly) believes to be a virgin (11:1086), or also conceivably suggesting hairs elsewhere – for instance on her arms. As a group we were not certain which primary reading was correct, but perhaps favoured the floral one as most probable.
‘But look. The bright stars fade. O rose! Castile. The morn’ (11:1109): the ‘Sirens’ narrative voice recalls lines sung earlier at 11:320-22. Why? Perhaps because the focus on the rose has recalled Lenehan’s reference to Douce as ‘Rose of Castile’ which came just after those lines (11:329). As ‘But look’ does not feature in the relevant song ‘Goodbye, Sweetheart, Goodbye’, the seminar wondered if ‘But look’ also referred to a description of daybreak in Hamlet.
‘Ha. Lidwell. For him then not for’ (11:1110): Bloom sees Lidwell at the bar (but why hasn’t he noticed him before?) and realises that Douce’s display has been for Lidwell rather than for Bloom himself (as he has previously suggested, as at 11:1044-5). That is: ‘[She’s posing] For him [Lidwell] then[,] not for [me]’. ‘Ha’, uncharacteristic from Bloom outside the ‘high grade ha’ (4:70), is thus wry, though not bitter. Lidwell looks ‘Infatuated’ and Bloom wonders if he, gazing at Douce, looks the same: ‘I like that?’. The ‘though’ in the next sentence implies otherwise. ‘See her from here though’ means ‘No, if you see her from where I’m seeing her, you can avoid infatuation’. That’s because the angle shows the debris behind the bar: ‘Popped corks, splashes of beerfroth, stacks of empties’ (11:1111). Again a method to avoid the seduction of a siren is implied: seeing the messy reality behind the glamour.
‘On the smooth jutting beerpull laid Lydia hand lightly, plumply, leave it to my hands’ (11:1111-2). We thought that she was not actually, yet, pulling a pint, merely touching the pump, as part of an idle visual display. It might be surprising that her hand is laid ‘plumply’ – is she, to any degree, plump? Little other evidence is available for this: we can only really note the reference to her body as ‘Fine goods in small parcels’ at 11:368. ‘Leave it to my hands’ is a throwback to her lament about sunburn (11:121), where the meaning seemed to be roughly ‘And trust my hands to be sunburned too’. ‘All lost in pity for croppy’ implies something like ‘Her manual gestures with the beerpull are distracted or unconscious, because her mind is lost in pity for the song she’s hearing’. ‘All lost’ might also recall the phrase ‘All is lost’, connected with a song earlier in the episode (11:629).
We will resume at 11:1113 with the unusually suggestive sentence commencing ‘Fro, to’.
Joe